Please answer three of the following questions or prompts. You have to answer one question from each group. Type your answers in a 12 points font with 1.5 lines spacing; please limit your whole exam paper (i.e. all three answers to the questions you chose combined) to a maximum of 2,500 words in total. I do not expect citations or references. This take-home exam replaces an in-class exam, and you should answer the questions as if you were in class. However, if you use verbatim quotations from any text, you must provide the source.

7) Why did the European Empires collapse after 1945? How do you explain violence in some cases – Indochina, Algeria, and Kenya – and the relative absence of violence in other cases?
8) A “watershed event” in post-1945 European history vs. an “exercise in hypocrisy.” Discuss these two interpretations of “1968” in the West.
9) Write an essay in which you chart the process of European integration from the 1950s to the early 21st century. Why did the integration process begin and proceed at various moments in postwar history? And why did the integration process stall at other moments? What major problems do you see the EU facing in the present?
10) At various points and in different circumstances in European postwar history, groups and individuals have resorted to violence in order to achieve their political and ideological goals (colonial wars, youth revolt and terrorism, Yugoslavian civil war). Yet James Sheehan sees the “demilitarization” of postwar Europe as one of the major developments in this period. How do you reconcile both perspectives?