Music Business, Copyright Basics and Royalties

1) There are two categories of Copyright owners. What type of Copyright owner is entitled to both “Mechanical Royalties,” and “Performance Royalties?”
2) How much does iTunes pay in Mechanical Royalties to a composer/songwriter? If that composer/songwriter is represented by a publisher, then is that person contractually obliged to share a percentage of their Mechanical Royalties from iTunes sales with that publisher?
3) When is a composer or songwriter entitled to Performance Royalties?
4) What is a Performing Rights Organization (P.R.O), and how do they help composers and songwriters get paid Performance Royalties?
5) List the 3 U.S.A-based P.R.O’s?
6) How do you register a song, or a compilation of songs, with a P.R.O?
7) Composers/songwriters do not need to pay subscription fees to have a piece or a compilation of pieces registered with a P.R.O. Where do P.R.O’s get the funds to pay composers and songwriters their Performance Royalties?
8) How much does it cost a small venue (between 100-300 seats) to be licensed by a single P.R.O for an entire year?
9) Name at least one case where a P.R.O fined a small restaurant, family business, or a small concert producer launching an event in an unlicensed venue, for not paying their licensing fees?
10) What is a “gratis license” and how can you, as the owner of a small venue or of a start-up production company obtain “gratis licenses” from composers/songwriters/publishers?
11) What are Synchronization Royalties and what type of Copyright owner is entitled to them?
12) Does a DJ, or Cover Artist need to ask permission to perform a derivative work at a venue that has purchased the appropriate P.RO.’s license? May they also post that performance on YouTube without the Copyright owner(‘s’) permission?
13) What type of Copyright owner is entitled to “Master Recording Royalties?” How much Master Recording Royalties does iTunes pay these Copyright owners?
14) List at least two digital streaming platforms.
15) Why have digital streaming platforms created controversy in the way they pay out royalties to artists and songwriters?