ALL RESOURCES MUST BE FROM AN ONLINE SOURCE AND MUST INCLUDE HYPERLINKS!!!
ALL RESOURCES MUST BE FROM AN ONLINE SOURCE AND MUST INCLUDE HYPERLINKS!!!
D2/13: Looting
In chapter 18, convergence theory would assert that people with the intent to loot just happen to gather in the same area. They begin looting and others follow. Contagion theory would say that the mass looting occurs because people are conforming to the behavior of those around them. Emergent norm theory suggests that once one person steals, his or her behavior is seen as promoting the norm of looting and others follow suit. Unfortunately, these perspectives cannot explain why some individuals will not imitate behavior or conform to group behavior.
Now, imagine that during a citywide power outage, a few people start to break into stores and steal merchandise. Soon, thousands of people are taking part in the looting. How would the three theories of collective action explain this behavior? Do the theories account for people who choose not to take part in this behavior?
Guidelines for Discussions:
Discussions online are equivalent to in-class discussions. If we, as a class, were to ask a question that anyone/everyone can answer, this is the purpose of a discussion. There is no necessarily right or wrong answer, but something we can all learn from one another.
Everyone is entitled to their opinion therefore, we will respect each other when you answer another post. For example, politics seem to be a hot and quite aggressive topic for some. You may not agree with your classmate or colleague, but you need to respect their right to voice their opinion. You can discuss and voice your agreement or dissent to the post in an intelligent and academic manner.
I will not tolerate bantering, disrespectful, and/or belligerent posts. We also need to keep the discussions “clean”. Foul language, swearing, tactlessness is prohibited. You will get a verbal warning once and if the behavior continues, a zero for the discussion grade. If the behavior continues after that, an academic hearing may be the next step. Please do not put me or yourself in that position.
RUBRIC:
Each substantiative post will be worth 1-5 potential points. Please refer to the syllabus for a description of what is considered substantiative.
I will be grading on several things for each discussion:
Did you answer the question/post intelligently?
Did you use proper college writing skills?
Were you respectful in your post/response?
Did you provide the required number of MINIMUM posts? (You can post more than the minimum to get an even better discussion going and to keep it going)
NOTES FROM THE PROFESSOR…
CH 18 OUTLINE
Introduction
Collective action is action that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation.
Collective Action: What Is It Good For?
Crowd collective action takes place when members of a group are face-to-face; mass collective action is collective action in which close physical proximity is not necessary such as a letter writing campaign.
According to convergence theory, collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place. This theory does not explain the inconsistency of group action—why collective action sometimes happens under such circumstances and other times does not.
According to contagion theory, collective action arises because of people’s tendency to conform to the behavior of others. This theory downplays individual agency and does not explain the inconsistency of group action.
Emergent norm theory emphasizes the influence of leaders in promoting particular norms that members of a group then follow. This theory doesn’t explain why particular people become leaders or why some actions emerge as norms within a group and others don’t.
In order to explain who we are as individuals, we tend to talk about different groups of which we are a part. What makes each of us unique is the particular combination of groups with which we identify.
A static identity is an aspect of your identity (such as race) that doesn’t change and that determines at least one group to which you belong; a dynamic identity is an aspect of your identity that is more fluid (such as working as a lifeguard for one summer) and that isdetermined by a group to which you belong.
Social Movements
A social movement is collective behavior that is purposeful, organized, and institutionalized but not ritualized.
Alterative social movements seek limited social change and tend to be focused on a narrow group of people; redemptive social movements are also focused on a narrow group of people, but they advocate for more radical change; reformative social movements advocate for limited social change but seek to affect that change across an entire society; revolutionary social movements seek to make radical change across an entire society.
The classical model of social movements proposes that social movements come about as a collective response to structural weaknesses in society that have a psychological effect on individuals.
Resource-mobilization theory recognizes the importance of political context and goals in the development of social movements but also emphasizes that social movements are unlikely to emerge without the necessary resources.
The political process model of social movements proposes that a social movement’s chances of developing are heavily influenced by three sets of conditions—expanding political opportunities, indigenous organizational strength, and certain shared cognitions among the movement’s proponents.
Social movements generally evolve through three stages—emergence (the social problem being addressed is first identified), coalescence (resources are mobilized and concrete action is taken to address the problem), and routinization (a formal structure develops to promote the cause).
A social movement organization (SMO) is a group developed to recruit new members and coordinate participation in a particular social movement.
A professional movement organization is a type of SMO that has full-time leadership and a large membership base that plays a minor role in the organization; a participatory movement organization is a type of SMO that directly involves its rank-and-file members in decisions and activities to support the organization’s cause.
There are two types of participatory movement organizations: mass protest organizations advocate for social change through protest and demonstration; grassroots organizations tend to work through existing political structures to promote social change.
Americans have traditionally had high participation levels in voluntary associations and there are various theories about why this is the case. However, there is some evidence that volunteerism is on the decline in the United States, and one possible explanation is the influence of the Internet. People can join groups online and donate money online to support causes without participating in any face-to-face meetings or activities.
Social Movements and Social Change
Not all social change is produced by social movements—economic and political factors have a great deal to do with the evolution of society.
Social changes are not valued in the same way by all people—what is of major importance to one group may barely register for another group—and they do not affect all people in the same way.
Premodern, Modern, and Postmodern Societies
Premodernity is social organization characterized by concentric circles of social affiliation, a low degree of division of labor, relatively undeveloped technology, and traditional social norms.
Modernity is social organization characterized by rationality, bureaucratization, and objectivity in which individuals are defined by overlapping group affiliations.
The transition from premodernity to modernity is linked to the expansion of scientific knowledge to the development of new technologies and political structures and to the notion of progress.
Postmodernity is in many ways a reaction against modernity. It is characterized by a questioning of the notions of progress and history; it rejects the idea of a single narrative and embraces multiculturalism; and it perceives the individual as having multiple, conflicting identities.
Causes of Social Change
Social change can be caused by factors other than social movements, such as technological innovation, new information and ideas, and conflict between social actors.
In addition to providing a way for participants in social movements to connect, exchange information, and generally make their voices heard, the Internet has itself become a forum for radical social protest activities such as virtual sit-ins that jam Web servers and online impersonation. The primary achievement of such protests is to draw media attention to a particular issue or cause.
Ironically, perhaps the greatest sign that a social movement has been successful is when there is no longer a need for it because it has achieved its goal.
ALL RESOURCES MUST BE FROM AN ONLINE SOURCE AND MUST INCLUDE HYPERLINKS!!!
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