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General topic
Optic Nerve Injury could lead to persistent deficits or loss of eyesight depending on the level of trauma. The optic nerve is rich in Retinal Ganglion Cell axons that help in the transfer of information from the eye to the brain. Successful regeneration of functional RGCs could help restore/improve eyesight of affected individuals.
Research Question
To identify the mechanisms responsible for plasticity to occur in the optic nerve. Then use these mechanisms to propose potential therapies to restore or improve eyesight of affected individuals.
1. Inhibition of apoptosis of Retinal Ganglion Cell increases their survival after optic nerve damage.
a. Galectin-3 deletion increases survival of RGCs after optic nerve injury by reducing RGC apoptosis (Abreu et al. 2016).
b. Galectin-3 deletion promotes neuroprotection in RGCs after optic nerve injury by delaying the process of degeneration (Abreu et al. 2017).
2.Increasing secretion of growth factors like oncomodulin will enhance Retinal Ganglion Cell axon regeneration.
a. Inducing inflammation in order to increase secretion of growth factors like oncomodulin will enhance RGC regeneration (Marin et al. 2016)
b. PTEN gene deletion increases the effects of drugs inducing inflammation (de Lima et al. 2012).
3. RGC axon regeneration and RGCs survival are two distinct processes that undergo distinct mechanisms. Doing therapies combining these two mechanisms together will induce axon regeneration and prevent apoptosis. This could help to restore/improve eyesight of people who have experienced optic nerve injury.
a. Rescuing axons from degeneration does not prevent retinal ganglion cell death (de Lima et al. 2016).
b. In order to successfully make a functional regenerated axon, RGCs have to activate their signalling pathways related to cell survival (de Lima et al. 2017).
HYPOTHESIS
Combining assertions (1, 2, 3)- We now know that we need both processes of axon cell regeneration and increase in cell survival in order to successfully make functional RGCs. However, these processes both undergo different neural mechanisms.
We predict that using a combination therapy where RGC axon regeneration is enhanced using PTEN gene deletion in addition to Galectin-3 deletion to increase RGC survival will successfully make functional RGC axons which will restore/improve the eyesight of individuals who have experienced Optic Nerve Injury.
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